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Falk Harnack (2 March 1913 – 3 September 1991) was a German director and screenwriter. During Germany's Nazi era, he was also active with the German Resistance and toward the end of World War II, the partisans in Greece. Harnack was from a family of scholars, artists and scientists, several of whom were active in the anti-Nazi Resistance and paid with their lives.

Early life
Falk Erich Walter Harnack was the younger son of the painter Clara Harnack (née Reichau) and literary historian ; a nephew of the theologian Adolf von Harnack and , professor of and chemistry; the grandson of theologian Theodosius Harnack and the younger brother of the and German Resistance fighter . He was also a cousin of the theologian Dietrich Bonhoeffer and Ernst von Harnack, who, like his brother and sister-in-law, , also became victims of the . Mildred Harnack: Cast of characters Traces.org. Retrieved February 19, 2012Others who were close to Harnack and were executed by the were his cousin and Hans von Dohnanyi, who was Klaus and Dietrich Bonhoeffer's brother-in-law. Harnack never got to know his father, who committed suicide in 1914.

Through his older brother, Harnack early learned about through which he came into contact with people who later became members of the Red Orchestra. The acquaintances made a big impression on him and so he recoiled from . After going to school in , he continued his education near , where he received his in 1932. In 1933, he began attending university, first in Berlin and after 1934 in Munich.Gottfried Hamacher, Andre Lohmar, Herbert Mayer and Günter Wehner, Gegen Hitler: Deutsche in der Resistance, in den Streitkräften der Antihitlerkoalition und der Bewegung "Freies Deutschland" Dietz, Berlin (March 2005), p. 76. There, in May, he took part in disseminating fliers against the National Socialist German Students' League. He received his with a on Falk Harnack biography Filmreporter.de. Retrieved February 19, 2012 in 1936 and the following year, began working at the Nationaltheater Weimar and the state theatre in . He worked there as a director until 1940, when he was drafted into the .

War years
In 1942, , Alexander Schmorell and other members of the Munich Resistance group the got in touch with Harnack through , a mutual friend who had gone to school with Harnack. Through him, they hoped to build a relationship with the Berlin Resistance members who were involved with Harnack's brother, Arvid, »Keine Träne, aufrecht« (November 24, 2009). Retrieved March 2, 2012 Harro Schulze-Boysen, Hans von Dohnanyi and others. Harnack put them in touch with his cousins, and Dietrich Bonhoeffer. The same year, the intercepted communications revealing the existence of the Red Orchestra and leading to numerous arrests. Many of those arrested were later executed, including Harnack's brother on 22 December 1942 and, on 16 February 1943, his sister-in-law, , an American citizen. Ramdohr was engaged to Falk Harnack, which Arvid mentioned in his farewell letter to his family that was written hours before his execution. "Read Arvid Harnack's Farewell Letter To His Family" Channel 3000. Retrieved February 16, 2012

Though his brother had just been executed, Harnack went to Munich to meet with and Hans Scholl on 3 February 1943. He and Hans agreed to meet again on 25 February, but Harnack waited in vain since he had already been arrested and executed, along with his sister. Thirteen other members of the White Rose were taken into custody, including , and Harnack. Of the lot, Harnack was the only one acquitted. The others were found guilty and condemned to death, some being executed the same day they were tried by the , the civilian "People's Court". On 19 April 1943, Harnack was acquitted because of a lack of evidence and "unique special circumstances". Brief biography of Falk Harnack (click to open) German Resistance Memorial Center. Retrieved February 16, 2012

In August 1943, he was removed from service to the Wehrmacht and transferred to a , the 999th Light Afrika Division, and sent to Greece. In December 1943, he was to be arrested and sent to a Nazi concentration camp, but his superior, Lieutenant , tipped him off and helped him escape.Michael Verhoeven, Mario Krebs, Die weiße Rose Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main (1982), p. 180. Retrieved February 19, 2012 He then joined the Greek partisans fighting the Nazis, worked with the Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) and co-founded the Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD)Johannes Tuchel (Ed.), Der vergessene Widerstand: Zu Realgeschichte und Wahrnehmung des Kampfes gegen die NS-Diktatur Wallstein Verlag (2005), p. 26. . Retrieved March 2, 2012 with Gerhard Reinhardt and became the leader of the organisation.

Postwar years
After the war, Harnack returned to his career as a director and , first working at the state theater in Munich. In 1947, he began working at the Deutsches Theater in Berlin. From 1949 to 1952, he was the artistic director at , where he made the film The Axe of Wandsbek, adapted from a book by . According to Zweig's son, the movie is based on a true story and may also relate to the events of Altona Bloody Sunday in . Das Beil von Wandsbek (The Axe of Wandsbek) DEFA Film Library, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Retrieved 19 February 2012.

The main character carries out a Nazi execution though he ruins his business, marriage and life over it. Opening to positive reactions from the public, the film met with disapproval from the Socialist Unity Party and its advisors, who felt that the movie's political position was not clear enough. One such adviser said that the film had "an undesired and deleterious effect on people in the GDR, as it does not depict hatred of fascism, but rather pity for the murderers". The government banned the movie within weeks. The poet and playwright remarked after the banning, "It is important to emphasize that there can be no sympathy for a Nazi executioner". After all that Harnack had lost to the Nazis, the dispute hit him hard, and in 1952, he left for .

For the first few years, Harnack worked for the film production company and, along with Helmut Käutner and , was one of the most important directors of German post-war films. Der 20. Juli (1955) Berliner Zeitung (July 16, 1996). Retrieved 16 February 2012.

From the late 1950s, however, he worked almost exclusively in television. He also wrote the screenplays for many of his films. From 1962 to 1965, he was the leading director of the newly founded German television station, ZDF. Subsequently, he worked primarily as a free lance. In addition to entertainment, he also made challenging films, which sometimes dealt with the Nazi era and the Resistance, such as his 1955 release The Plot to Assassinate Hitler ( Der 20. Juli) about the 20 to assassinate , "20. Juli – Fakten statt Fiktion", Film Reporter. Retrieved 19 February 2012. which won the 1956 German Film Award in the category "Films Contributing to the Encouragement of Democratic Thought". In 1962, he directed for television, Jeder stirbt für sich allein, an adaptation of 's novel, Every Man Dies Alone, "Programm vom Donnerstag, dem 19. Juli 1962", TVProgramme.net. Retrieved 4 March 2012 based on the story of Otto and Elise Hampel, a working-class couple who became involved in the anti-Nazi Resistance but were later executed.

Recognition and personal
Commenting retrospectively on Harnack's filmmaking, film historian Gerhard Schoenberner noted that, working at "a time when West German postwar film had sunk to ... an artistic and political low", Harnack had "set new standards" in both the film industry and exposing the "false glorification of the past", which "had become fashionable during the period, as a result of the Cold War."

Harnack was married to German actress Käthe Braun, who was often in his films. He died on 3 September 1991, aged 78, after a long illness.

Awards (selected)
  • 1940 Goethe Medal of the German National Theater Weimar
  • 1952 , Gold pin
  • 1959 Guild of the German Stage, Silver pin
  • 1977 Honorary Certificate, Union of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime
  • 1983 Filmband in Gold for "Longstanding and Excellent Work in German Film" List of German Film Award winners by name Deutsche Filmakademie. Retrieved February 19, 2012
  • 1989 Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Officer's Cross

Filmography

Audio plays
  • 1946: Bolwieser
  • 1972: Androklus und der Löwe (adaptation of George Bernard Shaw's Androcles and the Lion)

Notes
Other sources

External links

: , , , , , , , , ,
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